In many places across the globe,including the Wassa District of Ghana,groundwater provides a significant supply of water for various purposes.Understanding the groundwater origin and hydrogeochemical processes controlling the groundwater chemistry is a major step in the sustainable management of the aquifers.A total of 29groundwater samples were collected and analysed.Ionic ratio graphs,multivariate statistical analysis,mineral saturation indices,stable isotopes,and geostatistics methods were used to examine the sources and the quality of the groundwater.The findings describe the water types in the district as Ca-Mg-HCO_(3)-Cl,Ca-Na-HCO_(3),Na-Ca-HCO_(3),Ca-Na-HCO_(3)-Cl,Na-Ca-HCO_(3)-Cl,mix water type,NaHCO_(3)-Cl,with possible evolution to Ca-Na-Cl-HCO_(3),and Na-Ca-Cl-HCO_(3).According to the IEWQI for drinking water,around 53.6% of the samples have good quality,whereas 10.7% have very low-quality groundwater.Only 3.45% of the samples are suitable to use for irrigation without treatment,whereas 41.4% are somewhat safe with minimal treatment.Water-rock interactions,including the dissolution and weathering of silicate minerals,cation exchange processes,and human activities like mining andquarrying,are some of the main factors influencing groundwater chemistry.Principal component analysis revealed that groundwater chemistry is influenced by a combination of natural and anthropogenic sources.The APCs-MLR receptor model quantifies the factors that play important roles in groundwater salinization,including mineral dissolution and weathering(19.4%),localised Cd(16%),Ni(14.6%),Pb(12.8%),and Fe(11.4%)contamination from urbanisation while unidentified sources of pollution account for about 26.0%.The stable isotopes revealed groundwater is of meteoric origin and water-rock interaction the major mechanism for groundwater mineralization.The results of this research highlight the need of implementing an integrated strategy for managing and accessing groundwater quality.
Luan River is the main water source in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,northern China,where the groundwater system is vulnerable and pollution issue is serious.It is significant for regional groundwater resources protection to identify the hydrogeochemistry evolution and affecting factors along flow direction occurred in the upper reaches,especially the surface water-groundwater(SWGW)conversion relationship.In this study,recharge,conversion and geochemistry evolution of SW and GW were elucidated based on physical-hydrochemical indicators and stable isotopes in 36 GW samples and 20 SW samples,which were collected in July 2019 and July 2020.The factor analysis was further utilized to determine the main factors responsible for regional hydrogeochemical evolution.Results indicate that GW recharged SW in plateau area,and SW and GW recharged each other in typical Alpine valley area.The hydrochemical types are HCO3-Ca·Mg and HCO3-Ca,and the hydrochemical evolution is dominated by weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals.The cation exchange adsorption has minor impact on groundwater hydrochemistry.The rise of SO42-and NO3-contents in groundwater is related to industrial and agricultural activities.The main controlling factors of SW hydrochemical components included recharge from groundwater,industrial and mining activities,explaining 90.04%of data variance.However,water-rock interaction,agricultural and domestic sewage are responsible for GW quality,accounting for 83.38%.
