Detecting and diagnosing neurological diseases in modern healthcare presents substantial challenges that directly impact patient outcomes.The complex nature of these conditions demands precise and quantitative monitoring of disease-associated biomarkers in a continuous,real-time manner.Current chemical sensing strategies exhibit restricted clinical effectiveness due to labor-intensive laboratory analysis prerequisites,dependence on clinician expertise,and prolonged and recurrent interventions.Bio-integrated electronics for chemical sensing is an emerging,multidisciplinary field enabled by rapid advances in electrical engineering,biosensing,materials science,analytical chemistry,and biomedical engineering.This review presents an overview of recent progress in bio-integrated electrochemical sensors,with an emphasis on their relevance to neuroengineering and neuro-modulation.It traverses vital neurological biomarkers and explores bio-recognition elements,sensing strategies,transducer designs,and wireless signal transmission methods.The integration of in vivo biochemical sensors is showcased through applications.The review concludes by outlining future trends and advancements in in vivo electrochemical sensing,and highlighting ongoing research and technological innovation,which aims to provide inspiring and practical instructions for future research.
Throughout the contemporary Chinese history of geography,geographical engineering has consistently played a pivotal role as a fundamental scientific activity.It possesses its distinct ontological basis and value orientation,rendering it inseparable from being merely a derivative of geographical science or technology.This paper defines geographical engineering and introduces its development history through the lens of Chinese geographical engineering praxises.Furthermore,it is highlighted the logical and functional consistency between the theory of human-earth system and the praxis of geographical engineering.Six modern cases of geographical engineering projects are presented in detail to demonstrate the points and characteristics of different types of modern geographical engineering.Geographical engineering serves as an engine for promoting integrated geography research,and in response to the challenge posed by fragmented geographies,this paper advocates for an urgent revitalization of geographical engineering.The feasibility of revitalizing geographical engineering is guaranteed because it aligns with China’s national strategies.
