To the editor: Bladder cancer exhibits significant sex differences in incidence, diagnosis, management, and survival.[1] The incidence of bladder cancer in males is approximately three-fold higher than that in females. Although women are generally less likely to develop bladder cancer than men, once females acquire this disease, the prognosis is less favorable. However, the molecular basis of these sex disparities in bladder cancer remains poorly understood. Studies suggest that bladder cancer has more somatic DNA alterations than almost any other cancer types, but the specific differences between males and females remain unknown.
目的探讨19个组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基化酶(KDMs)在膀胱癌多组学中的表达模式与潜在作用。方法本研究使用UALCAN和GSCALite分析来自TCGA的膀胱癌样本的KDMs的转录表达和甲基化水平、体细胞变异多组学高通量测序数据。使用Kaplan Meier-Plotter和Assistant for clinical bioinformatics探讨KDMs的表达对BLCA样本的预后影响。利用Timer和GSCALite分析KDMs在膀胱癌中的免疫浸润和药物敏感性。结果分析结果首先揭示了KDMs在膀胱癌多组学中的表达特征,并不是所有KDMs都具有一致的表达模式。转录组数据分析显示KDM1A/1B/2B/4A/4B/5B/5C的表达上调(P<0.05),而KDM3B/6B/7C的表达下调。甲基化水平差异分析显示KDM1A/3B/4A/4B/4C/5A/5B/5C/7B的甲基化水平下调,而KDM7C甲基化水平上调(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,14个KDMs家族成员的转录水平与甲基化水平呈负相关,其中KDM1A最显著。突变分析显示,KDM6A非同义突变频率最高,突变种类最多,且与其它KDMs的非同义突变具有互补性。生存分析显示,KDM3A/4C/5D/6A/7B对BLCA患者总生存率具有保护性作用,而KDM3B/5B/5C对BLCA患者无复发生存率具有危险性影响。综合预后模型证实KDM4C/6A/7B具有膀胱癌预后生物标志物的潜在作用,其表达与BLCA患者免疫浸润呈正相关。药物敏感性分析显示,KDM2B/3B/4B/4C/5A与大多数抗癌药物呈负相关,而KDM2B/4B与6种抗癌药物呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论本研究系统性地揭示了KDMs基因家族在膀胱癌中的高突变互补性、过表达与低甲基化负相关性的特征,并与膀胱癌预后、免疫浸润和药物敏感性密切相关。
Background Alcohol dependence （AD） is a serious and common public health problem.The identification of genes that contribute to the AD variation will improve our understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying this complex disease.Previous genome-wide association studies （GWAS） and candidate gene genetic association studies identified individual genes as candidates for alcohol phenotypes,but efforts to generate an integrated view of accumulative genetic variants and pathways under alcohol drinking are lacking.Methods We applied enrichment gene set analysis to existing genetic association results to identify pertinent pathways to AD in this study.A total of 1 438 SNPs （P ＜1.0×10-3） associated to alcohol drinking related traits have been collected from 31 studies （10 candidate gene association studies,19 GWAS of SNPs,and 2 GWAS of copy number variants）.Results Among all of the KEGG pathways,the calcium signaling pathway （hsa04020） showed the most significant enrichment of associations （21 genes） to alcohol consumption phenotypes （P=5.4×10-5）.Furthermore,the calcium signaling pathway is the only pathway that turned out to be significant after multiple test adjustments,achieving Bonferroni P value of 0.8×10-3 and FDR value of 0.6×10-2,respectively.Interestingly,the calcium signaling pathway was previously found to be essential to regulate brain function,and genes in this pathway link to a depressive effect of alcohol consumption on the body.Conclusions Our findings,together with previous biological evidence,suggest the importance of gene polymorphisms of calcium signaling pathway to AD susceptibility.Still,further investigations are warranted to uncover the role of this pathway in AD and related traits.
