The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts from the tissues of three macroalgal species on the growths of three marine red tide microalgae were assessed under laboratory conditions.Extracts of Sargassum thunbergii(Mertens ex Roth) Kuntz tissue had stronger inhibitory effects than those of either Sargassum pallidum(Turner) C.Agardh or Sargassum kjellmanianum Yendo on the growths of Heterosigma akashiwo(Hada) Hada,Skeletonema costatum(Grev.) Grev,and Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg.Methanol extracts of S.thunbergii were further divided into petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,butanol,and distilled water phases by liquid-liquid fractionation.The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions had strong algicidal effects on the microalgae.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of these two phases identified nine fatty acids,most of which were unsaturated fatty acids.In addition,pure compounds of four of the nine unsaturated fatty acids had effective concentrations below 5 mg/L.Therefore,unsaturated fatty acids are a component of the allelochemicals in S.thunbergii tissue.
在实验室条件下研究了多环芳烃(PAHs)蒽(ANT)和苯并芘(BaP)对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi Hansen)生长量的单一和联合毒性。结果表明:(1)蒽对米氏凯伦藻的生长有显著抑制作用,且随着蒽浓度的升高,抑制作用增强,蒽对米氏凯伦藻的96 h EC50为0.353 mg/L。(2)苯并芘对米氏凯伦藻的生长表现为低促高抑的现象。在较低浓度(0~0.3μg/L)时,苯并芘大大促进了米氏凯伦藻的生长,在较高浓度(0.3μg/L^0.7μg/L)时,则出现了抑制现象,苯并芘对米氏凯伦藻的96 h EC50为0.4736μg/L,因此,海洋水体中苯并芘的含量可以作为预测赤潮的一个参考指标。(3)经回归分析分别求得其EC50后定义0.5×EC50(蒽)+0.5×EC50(苯并芘)=1个毒性单位(TU),按照此比例将二者混合后进行联合毒性试验,蒽与苯并芘表现为拮抗作用。
Perinereis aibuhitensis was used to assess adverse biological effects caused by acute and chronic Pb2+exposure in artificial seawater under controlled laboratory conditions. In 96-hr acute toxicity experiments,the morphological changes showed a positive time/dose-dependent tendency,and the 96-hr LC50 value of Pb2+was 686.41 mg/L. The responses of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in tissues including catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX),malondialdehyde(MDA) and the content of total soluble protein(TSP),were investigated on days 1,4,7 and 10 after Pb2+exposure under chronic toxicity testing. Results showed that the activation of the antioxidant system in P. aibuhitensis depended on the Pb2+concentration and the duration of exposure time.Specifically,POD and SOD activities were induced on the first day of the exposure and decreased to the control level on day 10 after exposure. Therefore,these two indexes could be used to indicate oxidative stress associated with P. aibuhitensis exposure to Pb2+.
Two species of marine phytoplankton, Platymonas helgolandica var. tsingtaoensis and Heterosigma akashiwo, were cultivated in bi-algal cultures to investigate the effect of anthracene(ANT) on the interaction between them. Without ANT, H. akashiwo out-competed P. helgolandica at low initial biomass ratios(P. helgolandica(P): H. akashiwo(H) = 1:4 and 1:1), but not at the highest(P:H = 4:1). This observation was consistent with the description in Lotka-Volterra two species competition model. It was found that P. helgolandica was excluded at low initial biomass ratios, while the unstable equilibrium between two species was predicted at the highest. For both species, carrying capacity and maximal specific growth rate decreased in bi-algal cultures compared to those in monocultures. H. akashiwo exhibited a higher sensitivity to ANT than P. helgolandica. This resulted markedly in a reduced cell density of H. akashiwo but an increased cell density of P. helgolandica. Carrying capacity of P. helgolandica was consistently higher in bi-algal cultures with ANT than those without ANT, suggesting that ANT, through the elimination of H. akashiwo, generated the dominance of P. helgolandica independently of initial biomass ratios. This study showed a density-dependent effect of harmful alga(H. akashiwo) on dietary alga(P. helgolandica), and indicated that ocean pollutant ANT could induce the succession of marine phytoplankton.
