以粳稻武运粳23和超级杂交籼稻Y两优2号为供试品种,应用15N示踪方法研究不同时期施肥对水稻不同阶段氮肥利用率的影响,以确定不同时期施肥的最佳阶段氮肥利用率。结果表明,基肥在基肥阶段(移栽后的8 d左右)的吸收利用较低,2012年水稻基肥氮(15N)吸收量不到5 kg hm–2,2013年最大为7.5 kg hm–2,回收利用率在1.5%~11.5%之间;基肥主要是在蘖肥阶段(分蘖肥与穗肥之间)被吸收,其回收利用率在6.6%~24.9%之间,平均为15.6%;穗肥阶段(穗肥后到成熟)基本不再吸收基肥。基肥氮的总体恢复利用效率不高,在9.1%~22.8%之间,品种及氮肥运筹对基肥氮的总体恢复利用效率影响不显著。蘖肥主要在蘖肥阶段发生作用,施穗肥后水稻基本不再吸收蘖肥。蘖肥的总体恢复吸收利用率和基肥相当,在17%~34%之间,Y两优2号高于武运粳23。穗肥的回收效率最高,在54.0%~82.1%之间,武运粳23低于Y两优2号。水稻在整个生育期的总体氮肥恢复效率随氮肥用量的增加而下降,变化在32%~64%之间。水稻一生中吸收积累的氮素中,基肥的贡献占4.13%~10.59%(平均6.92%),蘖肥占3.98%~11.75%(平均7.58%),穗肥占13.32%~37.56%(平均26.02%),土壤的贡献在45.71%~70.83%(平均59.91%)之间。基蘖肥用量越大,其损失也越大,总体氮肥利用率也越低。研究结果证明,在水稻氮肥管理中必须考虑水稻各阶段对不同时期施肥的吸收利用情况,从而提高水稻氮肥利用效率,保证产量的同时减少不必要的损失。
Split fertilization strategy is popularly adopted in rice to synchronize soil nitrogen(N) supply and crop N demand. Attention has been paid more on mid-season topdressing N, but limited on basal N. A clearer understanding of the basal N fate under split fertilization is crucial for determining rational basal N split ratio to improve the yield and reduce the loss to environment. A two-year field experiment with two N rates of 150 and 300 kg Nha^(-1), two split ratios of basal N, 40% and 25%, and two rice varieties,Wuyunjing 23(japonica) and Y-liangyou 2(super hybrid indica), was conducted. Labelled ^(15) N urea was supplied in micro-plots as basal fertilizer to determine the plant uptake, translocation, soil residual, and loss of basal N fertilizer. The results showed that basal N absorbed by rice was only 1.6%–11.5% before tillering fertilization(8–10 d after transplanting), 6.5%–21.4% from tillering fertilization to panicle fertilization, and little(0.1%–4.4%) after panicle fertilization. The recovery efficiency of basal N for the entire rice growth stage was low and ranged from 18.7% to 24.8%, not significantly affected by cultivars or N treatments. Soil residual basal N accounted for 10.3%–36.4% and decreased with increasing total N rate and basal N ratio, regardless of variety and year. 43.8%–70.4% of basal N was lost into the environment based on the N balance. Basal N loss was significantly linearly positive related with the basal N rate and obviously enhanced by the increasing basal N ratio for both varieties in both 2012 and 2013. The N use efficiency and yield was significantly improved when decreasing the basal N ratio from 40% to 25%. The results indicated that the basal N ratio should be reduced, especially with limited N inputs, to improve the yield and reduce the N loss to the environment.
LI GanghuaLIN JingjingXUE LihongDING YanfengWANG ShaohuaYANG Linzhang
