The external morphology and internal oral features of the tadpoles of Kaloula rugifera and K. borealis are described in this paper. Similarities between these two larvae include external morphology, oral disc, internal oral features(floor and roof), terminal mouth, lateral eyes, single midventral spiracle, absence of keratinized jaw sheaths and labial teeth, absence of lingual papillae and postnarial arena, while the body of K. rugifera is bigger than that of K. borealis at stages from 36 to 39 and the number of papillae in the buccal cavity is 12–19 and 9–16, respectively in the two species. All the similarities and differences of the two species illustrate that the tadpoles within the family Microhylidae could be attributed to assistance in clarifying a certain taxonomic treatment in Microhylidae.
Rana maoershanensis found in Mt.Maoershan in Guangxi,China was reported as a new species in 2007,but there was no molecular data for this frog.The partial sequences(543 bp) of 16S rRNA gene from 12 specimens of 3 brown frog species(Rana hanluica,R.maoershanensis and R.chensinensis) were analyzed with 17 specimens of 9 species from GenBank.The nucleotide sequence divergence between R.maoershanensis and the other brown frog species were 4.5%-6.5%,with 22-30 nucleotide substitutions at this locus.The phylogenetic relationships based on MP,ML,and Bayesian inference indicate that the brown frogs from Southern China were diverged into three groups(Clades A,B and C).R.maoershanensis was clustered together a well-supported subclade(B-1).It is suggested that R.maoershanensis is a valid species.
Toll样受体家族(Toll like receptors,TLRs)是先天性免疫系统进化过程中形成的非常保守的模式识别受体家族,Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptors 2,TLR2)是已经克隆的Toll样受体家族中表达范围最广,识别病原微生物种类最多的成员。它可单独或协同其他Toll样受体家族成员完成对病原体相关分子模式的识别,触发机体对致病微生物的级联免疫应答,尤其是针对细胞毒素的抗炎症反应具有重要的作用,已经成为多种疾病治疗的新靶点。文章对哺乳动物TLR2的分布,结构特征,配体识别,信号转导及其生物学功能的最新研究进展进行了综述。
