Carbon capture,utilization and storage (CCUS) is considered as a very important technology for mitigating global climate change.Carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into an underground reservoir will induce changes in its physical properties and the migration of CO2 will be affected by many factors.Accurately understanding these changes and migration characteristics of CO2 is crucial for selecting a CCUS project site,estimating storage capacity and ensuring storage security.In this paper,the basic principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies are briefly introduced in the context of laboratory experiments related to CCUS.The types of NMR apparatus,experimental samples and testing approaches applied worldwide are discussed and analyzed.Then two typical NMR core analysis systems used in CCUS field and a self-developed high-pressure,low-field NMR rock core flooding experimental system are compared.Finally,a summary of the current deficiencies related to NMR applied to CCUS field is given and future research plans are proposed.
Carbon dioxide(CO_2) capture and storage(CCS) is considered widely as one of promising options for CO_2emissions reduction,especially for those countries with coal-dominant energy mix like China.Injecting and storing a huge volume of CO_2 in deep formations are likely to cause a series of geomechanical issues,including ground surface uplift,damage of caprock integrity,and fault reactivation.The Shenhua CCS demonstration project in Ordos Basin,China,is the first and the largest full-chain saline aquifer storage project of CO_2 in Asia.The injection started in 2010 and ended in 2015.during which totally 0.3 million tonnes(Mt) CO_2 was injected.The project is unique in which CO_2 was injected into 18 sandstone formations simultaneously and the overlying coal seams will be mined after the injection stopped in 2015.Hence,intense geomechanical studies and monitoring works have been conducted in recent years,including possible damage resulting from the temperature difference between injected CO_2 and formations,injection induced stress and deformation change,potential failure mode and safety factor,interaction between coal mining and CO_2 geological storage,determination of injection pressure limit,and surface monitoring by the interferometric synthetic aperture radar(InSAR) technology.In this paper,we first described the background and its geological conditions of the Shenhua CCS demonstration project.Then,we gave an introduction to the coupled thermo-hydro-mechano-chemical(THMC) processes in CO_2 geological storage,and mapped the key geomechanical issues into the THMC processes accordingly.Next,we proposed a generalized geomechanical research flowchart for CO_2 geological storage projects.After that,we addressed and discussed some typical geomechanical issues,including design of injection pressure limit.CO_2 injection induced near-field damage,and interaction between CO_2geological storage and coal mining,in the Shenhua CCS demonstration project.Finally,we concluded some insights to this CCS project.
Carbon dioxide(CO_2) geosequestration in deep saline aquifers has been currently deemed as a preferable and practicable mitigation means for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gases(GHGs) emissions to the atmosphere, as deep saline aquifers can offer the greatest potential from a capacity point of view. Hence,research on core-scale CO_2/brine multiphase migration processes is of great significance for precisely estimating storage efficiency, ensuring storage security, and predicting the long-term effects of the sequestered CO_2 in subsurface saline aquifers. This review article initially presents a brief description of the essential aspects of CO_2 subsurface transport and geological trapping mechanisms, and then outlines the state-of-the-art laboratory core flooding experimental apparatus that has been adopted for simulating CO_2 injection and migration processes in the literature over the past decade. Finally, a summary of the characteristics, components and applications of publicly reported core flooding equipment as well as major research gaps and areas in need of further study are given in relevance to laboratory-scale core flooding experiments in CO_2 geosequestration under reservoir conditions.
二氧化碳地质封存(CO2Capture and Storage,CCS)项目应当评估诱发地震的潜在可能性。中强震、强震危及人类生命财产安全,有感地震甚至微震也对CO2储区的盖层完整性构成威胁,增加泄漏风险。地热开发、页岩气开发及油气增产等的水压致裂过程中都伴随有地下流体的注入,且时有地震诱发的案例。诱发地震活动通常在流体注入压力较高时沿已有断层发生,因此可通过应力分析等对其发生机理进行研究。超临界状态CO2密度比水小,在地层深部可能会形成密度流或者与构造中先存的水岩发生相互作用,进而导致渗透率和压力变化并引发地震活动。综述了全球相关的研究进展,主要从地震成因机理入手,考虑超临界CO2性质的特殊性,结合商业尺度和实验尺度的流体注入项目和地震监测分析,研究其对储区盖层完整性的影响。以期通过适当的选址、注入方法及监测方案的优化来避免破坏性地震的发生。
