With the intermediate flow states predicted by local two phase Riemann problem,the modified ghost fluid method(MGFM)and its variant(r GFM)have been widely employed to resolve the interface condition in the simulation of compressible multi-medium flows.In this work,the drawback of the construction procedure of local two phase Riemann problem in r GFM was investigated in detail,and a refined version of the construction procedure was specially developed to make the simulation of underwater explosion bubbles more accurate and robust.Beside the refined r GFM,the fast and accurate particle level set method was also adopted to achieve a more effective and computationally efficient capture of the evolving multi-medium interfaces during the simulation.To demonstrate the improvement brought by current refinement,several typical numerical examples of underwater explosion bubbles were performed with original r GFM and refined r GFM,respectively.The results indicate that,when compared with original r GFM,numerical oscillations were effectively removed with the proposed refinement.Accordingly,with present refined treatment of interface condition,a more accurate and robust simulation of underwater explosion bubbles was accomplished in this work.
Carbon atoms segregate in the surface region for polished AISI 440 Cstainless steel.After ion implantation,the surface carbon atoms exist in different forms.To elucidate their existence,surface structures and carbon chemical states of unimplanted,N+implanted,Ti+implanted and N+/Ti+co-implanted samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The results indicated that various phases form in the surface or subsurface region after ion implantation,while the surface topography of the samples remains intact.For polished unimplanted sample,besides some Fe3 C phase and CC phase,CrxCyphase dominates its surface region.Little change of carbon chemical states occurs after N+ion implantation.For Ti+implanted sample,besides some metal oxycarbide phases,most carbon amorphous phases form in surface region.Concerning N+/Ti+co-implantation,CrxCycompound as well as Fe3 C phase dominates the surface region while no C-C phase is found.In addition,compared with single-ion implantation,N+/Ti+co-implantation would increase the ion implantation depth significantly.The formed phases of the carbon atoms play an important role in affecting the surface properties of AISI 440 Cstainless steel.
