Ava and Liam live in a small town.Many people there get sick but don't know why.One day,Ava and Liam find an old box under a big tree in the forest.They think it may help the town.When they get to the cave,Ava steps back,“I can’t do it It’s too dark.”“But we need the key,” Liam says.
As an important component of the global carbon cycle, forest soil organic carbon has a crucial impact on the stability of ecosystems and climate change. As one of the largest carbon pools in terrestrial ecosystems, the organic carbon stock in forest soils is of great significance for climate change and the health of forest ecosystems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of forest soil organic carbon, discussing its research progress, role, influencing factors, and future trends, with the aim of providing scientific evidence for forest soil carbon management to mitigate global climate change and promote the sustainable development of forest ecosystems.
Lin GuanYi SunMingqing YuanJie LiYanjie ZhangJingyi Tang
Plenter forests,also known as uneven-aged or continuous cover forests enhance forest resilience and resistance against disturbances compared to even-aged forests.They are considered as an adaptation option to mitigate climate change effects.In this study,we present a conceptual approach to determine the potentially suitable area for plenter forest management within central European mixed species forests and apply our approach to the case study area in Styria,the south-eastern Province of Austria.The concept is based on ecological and technicaleconomic constraints and considers expected future climate conditions and its impact on plenter forest management.For each 1 ha forest pixel,we assess the ecological conditions for plenter forest management according to the autecological growth conditions of silver fir,and at least one additional shade tolerant tree species.The technical-economic constraints are defined by slope(≤30%)and distance to the next forest road(≤100 m)to ensure cost-efficient harvesting.The results show that under current climate conditions 28.1%or 305,349 ha of the forests in Styria are potentially suitable for plenter forest management.For the years 2071–2100 and under the climate change scenario RCP 4.5,the potential area decreases to 286,098 ha(26.3%of the total forest area)and for the scenario RCP 8.5 to 208,421 ha(19.1%of the total forest area).The main reason for these changes is the unfavourable growing conditions for silver fir in the lowlands,while in the higher elevations silver fir is likely to expand.Our results may serve forest managers to identify areas suitable for plenter forests and assist in the transformation of even-aged pure forests to uneven-aged forests to increase resistance,resilience,and biodiversity under climate change.
